Prostate Cancer

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Testing For The Presence Of Prostate Cancer

About one in every six men will develop prostate cancer which, apart from skin cancer, is the number one cause of cancer deaths in men. For this reason it is vitally important for men to monitor the health of their prostate with regular testing. Some of the prostate health tests available today include:

The Digital Rectal Exam (DRE). The digital rectal exam has been the benchmark of testing for both benign prostate enlargement and prostate cancer for many years and is a simple examination in which your physician can feel the prostate gland with a gloved finger to assess its size and condition.

The Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test. The PSA blood test was approved for use by the FDA in the mid 1980s and is now widely in use. This test looks for the presence of a prostate specific protein in the blood and it is recommended that all men over the age of 50, together with 'at risk' men over the age of 40, have an annual PSA test.

Urine Testing. Urine testing can not only check for diabetes and liver and kidney disease but can also check the condition of the prostate by looking for signs of infection in the blood.

Hyperplasia Intrvenouspyelogram (IVP). This test is a form of x-ray examination in which a dye is injected into the bloodstream and monitored as it passes through the body's vital organs. As far as the prostate is concerned this test follows the flow through the kidneys, bladder and ureter tubes which drain the kidneys and thus looks for any possible restriction caused by an enlargement of the prostrate gland interfering with the flow or urine out of the bladder.

Bladder Ultrasound. This simple non-invasive procedure which can be carried out in the doctor's office can detect whether or not the bladder is emptying fully following urination and thus whether or not an enlarged prostate is narrowing the urethra.

Prostate Ultrasound. A prostate ultrasound is useful for estimating the size of the prostate gland and is also important if further testing using a biopsy is recommended.

Uroflow. A uroflow is another very simple test in which the patient urinates into a container and the strength of the flow of urine is measured.

Cystoscopy. A cystoscopy allows the doctor to make a visual examination of the urethra and the bladder using an instrument which is inserted through the urethra.

In general your doctor will normally recommend PSA screening and will also usually carry out a digital rectal examination as these two tests together are without doubt the best way to detect the presence of possible prostate cancer or of other developing prostate problems. One or more or the other tests mentioned here (or indeed several which we have not listed) may also be ordered but, at the end of the day, the only sure way to confirm the presence of prostate cancer is by carrying out a biopsy.

A prostate cancer biopsy take a number of very small tissue samples from different areas of the prostate for microscopic examination and can not only definitively confirm the presence of prostate cancer, but can also give an indication of the size and type of any cancer.

About the author:
ProstateProblemCenter.com provides information on a wide range of prostate problems and their solutions, including the therapeutic use of prostate milking

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A Brief Introduction To Prostate Nodules

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A prostate nodule is any growth on the prostate which can be felt upon a digital rectal examination. Characterized as hard, soft, smooth or gritty, prostate nodules or the thickening in some portions of the prostate often develop as men grow older.
The evaluation for a prostate nodule may be included in the evaluation for prostitis or a possible infection. As a rule, all prostate nodules found require further evaluation to rule out the possibility of cancer, which may come without any other symptom.
Benign Prostate Nodules
A nodule does not automatically mean that cancer is present. Hard, rocky nodules may indicate calcification or a case of benign prostatic hyperplasia, where the epithelial and prostatic stromal cells multiply and grow large enough to form large nodules around the periurethral region of the prostate. Surgical removal is often necessary if the nodule has grown large enough to block the urethral canal and cause problems with urination. Sometimes, after a PSA test has shown borderline or elevated levels and there is presence of an infection, the doctor may initially put the patient in antibiotics for 2 to 4 weeks, after which the tests are repeated. If all tests are normal within this time, cancer can be ruled out, although a repeat exam is needed in 3 to 6 months.
Cancerous Prostate Nodules
About 50% of prostate nodules are malignant. Although a digital rectal examination cannot determine whether a nodule is cancerous or not, a biopsy can. A biopsy often follows when the doctor finds abnormal results from a Prostate Specific Antigen test. Once the biopsy has revealed cancer, important variables which are then taken into consideration will include grading and staging. Grading of the cancerous prostate nodule makes use of the Gleason score, which determines the degree of abnormality of the prostate cells from 2 (least aggressive) to 10 (most aggressive).
Staging, on the other hand is done on the basis of the DRE. A cancerous nodule is staged as follows:
T1c (PSA detected)
T2a (small prostate nodule)
T2b (larger prostate nodule)
T3 (very large prostate nodule with probable spread outside of the prostate)
T4 (prostate cancer spreading into adjacent organ such as the bladder)
Prevention And Treatment Of Prostate Nodules
There is no known cause why the prostate tends to enlarge as men get older, and why some men found to have prostate nodules develop prostate cancer and some don’t. Experts think genes and diet may play a role. Good nutrition may contribute to overall prostate health. Men who eat fruits and vegetables, foods that naturally contain antioxidants like lycopene and minerals like selenium lowered their risk for the disease significantly.
For men in their forties or older, an annual DRE may be necessary, especially for high-risk individuals. In some cases, whether the nodule is benign or malignant, surgical excision or complete removal of the nodule may become necessary.